Oil and Gas

1. Design a core analysis & SCAL test programme to supply all data required for petrophysics and reservoir modelling.
2. Perform quality checking of core analysis & SCAL data.
3. Describe how core and log data are depth matched.
4. Determine the Archie cementation and saturation exponent from electrical measurements on core plugs.
5. Define the test methods to determine Wettability, Capillary Pressure and relative permeability.
6. Build a saturation height function for use within the reservoir model.
7. Measure and quality check relative permeability data and integrate these data into the reservoir model.

1.1: Introduction to the Course

1.2: Data Requirements for Reservoir Characterisation & Reservoir Simulation

1.3: Overview of Coring & Core Recovery

1.4 The Effect of Core Handling on Data Quality

1.5: The Impact of Core Quality on Core Analysis Data

1.6: The Impact of Heterogeneity on Core Analysis Data

1.7: Core Plug Sampling Strategies

Part 2

2.1: Core Porosity – Understanding Different Measurements and Factors Effecting Data Quality

2.2: Permeability – Controlling Factors, Measurement Choices, and Quality Control

2.3: Pore Volume Compressibility and its effects on Porosity and Permeability

2.4: Water Saturation from Core – Dean-Stark Measurements – Theory, Best Practice and Integration with Log and Other Core Data

2.5: Clean Sand Resistivity-Saturation Models. Measuring the Archie ‘m’ & ‘n’ Parameters

Part 3

3.1: Calibration of the Waxman-Smits Shaley Sand Model using Core data, including CEC and BQV

3.2: Capillary Pressure - Theory & Understanding the Controls on Fluid Distribution

3.3: Capillary Pressure – Laboratory Measurements

3.4: Capillary Pressure – Conversion to Reservoir Conditions

3.5: Integration of Capillary Pressure into Saturation Height Function Models

Part 4

4.1: A Review of the Common Saturation Height Function Models – Including Pros & Cons of Each

4.2: Integration of Saturation Height Functions with Log Data and Reservoir Models

4.3: Wettability – Definition, Impact on Fluid Distribution and Flow, Factors Effecting Wettability and Laboratory Measurement of Wettability

4.4: Relative Permeability – Theory and Controls on Two Phase Fluid Flow

4.5: Relative Permeability – Laboratory Measurement

4.6: Quality Checking Relative Permeability Data

4.7: Integration of Relative Permeability Data into Reservoir Models

4.8: Integrating all Data and Quality Checking Legacy Data & Reports - Including What to do When You Have Very Little Data

4.9: Course Conclusion and Review

Classroom Tasks

Task 1 Depth Shifting. Use the log and core gamma data to shift the core to the log

Task 2 Porosity & Permeability QC. Quality check the core plug porosity and permeability data by reading the comments for each plug and remove any samples you think are damaged or not suitable for measurement. Compare the quality checked poro-perm plot with the original.

Task 3 Klinkenberg Corrections. Use the permeability and pressure data for the four plugs to calculate the Klinkenberg permeability.

Task 4 Building Stress Correction Models. Use the supplied SCAL data to derive models to stress correct the quality checked ambient ‘routine’ porosity and permeability data from the Task 2.

Task 5 Converting lab to reservoir capillary pressure and Height. Use the supplied values for contact angle & interfacial tension (IFT) to calculate the reservoir gas/brine capillary pressure from the mercury injection data supplied Then convert the reservoir capillary pressure values to an equivalent height above free water level (HFWL) using the water and gas column pressure gradients.

Task 6 Building a J-Function Saturation Height Function Model. Use the capillary pressure and poro-perm data for the six samples in the spreadsheet, plus the supplied fluid properties to build a J-function type saturation hight function.

Task 7 Relative Permeability End Point Calculation. Use the data supplied to calculate initial water saturation, volume of oil recovered during waterflood, residual oil saturation, recovery factor and relative permeability to water at residual oil saturation.

Task 8 Review of old laboratory core analysis & SCAL reports

The course is designed for those who are planning to cut core, for all geoscientists that work with legacy data and for anyone involved in formation evaluation, reservoir characterisation and modelling.